Published Studies

Performance & Recovery Peptides

Research into performance and recovery peptides has expanded significantly in recent years. The following studies explore key compounds in this category.

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound)

• Sikiric P, et al. “Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract.” Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018; 24(18): 2012–2032.
  
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  Comprehensive review of BPC-157’s cytoprotective and wound-healing properties across multiple tissue types in preclinical models.
• Chang CH, et al. “The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration.” Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011; 110(3): 774–780.
  
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  Investigated the mechanisms by which BPC-157 promotes tendon repair, demonstrating enhanced cell migration and outgrowth in rat models.
• Seiwerth S, et al. “BPC 157 and standard angiogenic growth factors: Gastrointestinal tract healing, lesson from tendon, ligament, and bone healing.” Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018; 24(18): 1972–1989.
  
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  Examined BPC-157’s interaction with angiogenic growth factors and its role in tissue repair across musculoskeletal systems.

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

• Goldstein AL, et al. “Thymosin β4: A multi-functional regenerative peptide.” Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2012; 12(1): 37–51.
  
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  Review of thymosin beta-4’s roles in tissue repair, anti-inflammation, and cell migration across multiple organ systems.
• Sosne G, et al. “Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury.” Experimental Eye Research, 2002; 74(2): 293–299.
  
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  Demonstrated TB-500’s wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects in corneal tissue models.
• Philp D, et al. “Thymosin β4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2003; 121(5): 1196–1201.
  
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  Studied dermal wound repair acceleration through thymosin beta-4 and its actin-binding domain peptide.

Skin & Beauty Peptides

Peptides involved in skin health, collagen synthesis, and tissue regeneration are among the most actively researched compounds in dermatological science.

GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)

• Pickart L, et al. “The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging.” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012; 2012: 324832.
  
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  Reviewed GHK-Cu’s broad biological activities including wound healing, collagen synthesis, and antioxidant effects.
• Pickart L, Margolina A. “Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018; 19(7): 1987.
  
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  Gene expression analysis revealing GHK-Cu’s influence on over 4,000 genes related to tissue remodeling and repair.
• Canapp SO, et al. “The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds.” Veterinary Surgery, 2003; 32(6): 515–522.
  
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  Evaluated topical GHK-Cu application on wound healing outcomes in controlled animal models.

Focus & Cognition Peptides

Neuropeptide research continues to uncover compounds with potential applications in cognitive function, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

Selank

• Zozulya AA, et al. “Selank (TP-7) — a new anxiolytic peptide.” Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2001; 131(4): 384–386.
  
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  Early characterization of selank’s anxiolytic properties and proposed mechanisms of action in the central nervous system.
• Kozlovskii II, Danchev ND. “The optimizing action of the synthetic peptide selank on a conditioned active avoidance reflex in rats.” Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 2003; 33(7): 639–643.
  
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  Behavioral study examining selank’s effects on learning and memory consolidation in rodent models.
• Semenova TP, et al. “Effect of selank on cognitive processes after damage to the catecholaminergic system of the brain in neonatal period.” Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2008; 146(11): 600–602.
  
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  Investigated neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects of selank in brain injury models.

Semax

• Ashmarin IP, et al. “A nootropic adrenocorticotropic hormone analog (4-10)-semax.” Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 1995; 29(2): 108–110.
  
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  Foundational study establishing semax as a nootropic peptide derived from ACTH(4-10) with cognitive-enhancing properties.
• Levitskaya NG, et al. “Neuroprotective effects of semax in conditions modeling of clinical applications.” Regulatory Peptides, 2004; 119(1-2): 93–97.
  
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  Evaluated semax’s neuroprotective properties across multiple experimental paradigms relevant to clinical neurology.
• Grivennikov IA, et al. “Effect of SEMAX on the expression of genes coding for nerve growth factor and its receptor in cultured cells of rat brain cortex.” Molecular Biology, 2008; 42(4): 559–563.
  
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  Molecular analysis of semax’s influence on nerve growth factor expression in cortical neuron cultures.

Metabolic & Longevity Peptides

Research into metabolic peptides has yielded compounds with significant implications for metabolic regulation, body composition, and cellular longevity pathways.

Semaglutide

• Knudsen LB, Lau J. “The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide.” Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2019; 10: 155.
  
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  Comprehensive review of the discovery, molecular design, and preclinical development of GLP-1 receptor agonist peptides.
• O’Neil PM, et al. “Efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared with liraglutide and placebo for weight management.” JAMA, 2018; 319(5): 461–473.
  
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  Clinical trial comparing GLP-1 receptor agonists in weight management outcomes across multiple patient cohorts.
• Gabery S, et al. “Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways.” JCI Insight, 2020; 5(6): e133429.
  
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  Mechanistic study mapping the neural pathways through which semaglutide influences metabolic regulation in preclinical models.

Tirzepatide

• Coskun T, et al. “LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.” Molecular Metabolism, 2018; 18: 3–14.
  
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  Preclinical characterization of tirzepatide as a dual incretin receptor agonist and its metabolic effects in animal models.
• Frias JP, et al. “Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes.” New England Journal of Medicine, 2021; 385(6): 503–515.
  
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  Head-to-head clinical comparison of dual versus single incretin receptor agonism in glycemic and weight outcomes.
• Min T, Bain SC. “The role of tirzepatide, dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in the management of type 2 diabetes.” Diabetes Therapy, 2021; 12(3): 405–421.
  
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  Review of tirzepatide’s mechanism of action and clinical trial data supporting its role as a dual agonist peptide.